The Flowers & Seniors Study (2001) is the second floral research project conducted by Jeannette Haviland-Jones, Ph.D., professor of psychology, Project Director, Human Development Lab at Rutgers. Dr. Haviland-Jones is a psychologist and internationally recognized authority in the role of emotional development in human behavior and nonverbal emotional signals and response. In 2000, Haviland-Jones completed the first phase of her research on the emotional impact of flowers on women. The Society of American Florists worked in cooperation with the Rutgers research team, bringing its expertise of flowers to the project.

The Flowers & Seniors Study examined senior citizens' levels of depression, social contact and memory with and without the presence of flowers. Participants were placed in one of four groups, each receiving flowers at different intervals. A series of three interviews was conducted throughout the six-month study, to measure changes in participants' moods and behaviors. Participants also kept personal daily logs to record social contacts and were given a memory test at the conclusion of the study.

Study Participants

The study consisted of 104 participants (94 women, 10 men), ranging in ethnicity, from ages 55-93. To prevent skewed or biased results, participants did not know the purpose of the study.

Interviews

• Participants were given an initial baseline interview to obtain data on moods, health, social support, life satisfaction and demographic information.
• A second and third interview followed to measure changes in feelings and behaviors.
• After the third interview, seniors were tested on everyday personal memories, including their memories of the flowers, of daily social contacts (based on the logs they kept, see below), and on recent social events (also taken from daily logs). Points were given based on the accuracy, specificity and detail of the seniors' answers.

Flower Deliveries

Participants were randomly placed into four groups. Each group received flowers at different intervals in the study, which they were told were thank-yous for participating. Results were based on how often the participants in each group received flowers (if at all), at what point in the study they received flowers, and any changes in mood and behavior that ensued. The groups included:

• The Early group: Received a bouquet once - after the first (baseline) interview only. This group had the flowers in time for the second interview.
• The Late group: Received flowers once - before the last interview only. This group had the flowers in time for the third interview.
• The All Flowers group: Received flowers twice - before both the second and third interviews.
• The No Flowers group: Received flowers only after the study was completed. They had no flowers during any of the interviews.

Evaluation

Rutgers researchers tested participants for changes in their depression, social contact and memory. Noting which flower group they were in, the researchers used the following methods for measurement:

One-on-one interviews - Seniors were asked questions (see list of questionnaires below) about moods and behaviors three times during the study.

• Daily logs - Participants kept journals of daily contacts with friends, family and other supporters such as medical people, neighbors, household helpers and religious support.
• Memory tests - Seniors were tested on everyday personal memories, which were coded according to the degree of detail each participant gave about the item or event they were asked to describe.

Questionnaires

The following questionnaires were asked of participants: Izard's Differential Emotional Scale, Diener's Life Satisfaction Scale. The standard social support measure, social contact logs and memory tests also were evaluated.